Utilized as transparent electrodes in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and flat-panel TVs for pixel addressing, touchscreen panels for smartphones and tablets with high touch sensitivity, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for flexible displays, thin-film solar cells for transparent photovoltaic windows, transparent heaters for automotive defrosting systems, electrochromic smart windows for dynamic tint control, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for transparent display enclosures, transparent antennas for 5G communication devices, gas sensors for oxygen and nitrogen oxides detection, and anti-static coatings for aerospace canopies. ITO provides industry-leading combination of optical transparency (>85% in visible spectrum) and electrical conductivity (<20 Ω/sq), making it the gold standard for transparent conductive applications.