Used in antimicrobial coatings for hospital surfaces and medical devices to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth, gas sensors for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrogen sulfide, supercapacitor electrodes for energy storage with high specific capacitance, lithium-ion battery anodes for enhanced electrochemical performance, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater treatment, heat transfer nanofluids for cooling electronic devices and solar collectors, wood preservatives against termites and fungal decay, conductive inks for printed electronics, semiconducting layers in solar cells, catalysts for CO oxidation and methanol synthesis, and anti-fouling marine coatings. The spherical morphology and high purity ensure excellent dispersion stability in aqueous systems.