Applied in UV-blocking sunscreens and cosmetic formulations for skin protection without white cast, photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings for building facades and windows, white pigments in paints and coatings for high opacity and brightness, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for renewable energy generation, antibacterial coatings for medical devices and food contact surfaces, photocatalytic water purification systems for degrading organic contaminants, gas sensors for detecting oxygen and volatile organics, ceramic glaze additives for porcelain and tiles, anti-fogging coatings for automotive mirrors, food-grade colorants (E171) for pharmaceuticals and confectionery, and corrosion-resistant coatings for steel structures. The rutile phase offers superior UV absorption and chemical stability compared to anatase.