Utilized in photocatalytic air purification systems for decomposing NOx and VOCs, self-sterilizing hospital surfaces and antimicrobial textiles, dye-sensitized solar cells with high photoconversion efficiency, photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production, anti-bacterial coatings for refrigerators and kitchen appliances, photocatalytic degradation of industrial wastewater pollutants, UV-absorbing coatings for plastics and wood preservation, lithium-ion battery anodes for fast-charging applications, gas sensors for environmental monitoring, transparent conductive coatings when doped with niobium, and photocatalytic cement for pollution-reducing infrastructure. The anatase phase exhibits superior photocatalytic activity due to higher surface energy and electron mobility, making it ideal for environmental remediation and energy applications.