Employed in antimicrobial textiles and wound dressings for infection prevention with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, conductive adhesives and inks for flexible printed circuit boards and RFID antennas, transparent electrode coatings for OLED displays and touchscreens, anti-fogging and antibacterial coatings for surgical instruments and endoscopes, water disinfection systems for municipal and point-of-use purification, catalytic converters for automotive emission control, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for trace chemical and biological detection, biosensors for glucose monitoring and pathogen detection, conductive coatings for electromagnetic shielding, dental restorative materials with antimicrobial properties, and food packaging with extended shelf life. The 25 nm particle size provides exceptional surface area for maximum antimicrobial efficacy and electrical conductivity.