Used in advanced composite materials for aerospace and automotive industries, conductive inks for printed electronics and flexible circuits, electromagnetic shielding coatings, energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, transparent conductive films for touchscreens and OLED displays, field emission displays, drug delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy, biosensors for medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, high-strength structural reinforcements in polymers and ceramics, thermal interface materials for electronics cooling, and hydrogen storage media for fuel cell applications. Their exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical strength (>100 GPa), and thermal stability make them ideal for next-generation electronics and lightweight structural components.